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Plain-language guides to document forensics. No jargon without an explanation.

• How to tell if a PDF was modified

  The signals that show a PDF changed after it was made, and which ones you can trust.

• What a digital signature actually proves

  Digital signatures prove some things with math and nothing else. Here is the line.

• PDF metadata, explained

  Creation dates, producers, and edit history: what PDF metadata records and how it lies.

• Why converted PDFs lose their history

  Online converters and print-to-PDF rebuild the file. What that erases and what it leaves.

• Reading a DocVerdict report

  Verified checks versus observations, and how to act on each one.